Homework

** //__Chapter Review p.461__// **
// **20. a)** The albedo of a typical city would be higher than a forested area. In the city there are surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, and roof shingles which all absorb solar radiation. High rises contain heat as they block infrared radiation.


 * b) ** White rock is the best choice to reduce the Albedo from a city plaza.


 * c) ** Asphalt and concrete both absorb solar radiation during the day. This would cause the city plaza to be hot on a sunny day. These materials emit infrared radiation, which raises the air temperature. Therefore white rock would be the best choice because it would reflect solar radiation instead of absorbing it


 * d) ** Tar would take the longest to cool down.

//** f) ** In conduction heat is transferred from an object of high temperature to an object of low temperature. This is present in the creation of an urban heat island as the hot rays of the sun transfer their heat onto the cool buildings.
 * e) ** Tar cools down slowly because its color stores heat since it is so dark and black. Solar radiation then attracts to it and the tar absorbs it making it take longer to cool.//
 * g) ** The talls building of the city reflect radiation off of them onto water sources. Once the rays reach the water sources, they heat it up.//

//**P.481 #6-15**// 7) biogeoclimatic zone: A region with a certain plant life, soil, geography and climate. 8) The main difference between El Niño and La Nina is the water temperature. El Niño makes a hot warm winter and La Nina is cold in the east. 9) A)If earth was tilted on a 90 degree angel towards the sun, the northern pole would be extremely warm and always sunny, Where as the south pole would constantly in the dark and extremely cold, getting no sunlight. Basically completely changing the weather pattern or earth as we know it today. b) If the earth were on a 90 degree angel away form the sun the exact opposite would happen, the north pole would be away form the sun and extremely cold with no sunlight, and the south pole would be directly towards the sun being extremely hot and always with sunlight. 10)Some scientist believe that earth's wobble will create/created ice ages, eventually earth's wobble will make the north pole face the star Vega it will make an impact on climate because it will cool down allot. 11) If all the continents came together the heat transfer would be greatly affected because the inner land would be hot and dry like a desert and the outer land would have the ocean breeze and be cooler and wet. 12) It would influence the earth's climate because when the meteorites crashed into earth the impact would cause hot gases to rise into the atmosphere and would absorb and reflect solar radiation causing the troposphere to cool down. 13) The shape of earth's orbit affects the earth's climate because when it rotates around the sun the opposite side from the sun will be cooler(Night) and darker but when it comes around to the other side it will be hotter and have solar radiation (daylight). 14) Since there was less CO2 in the ice cores therefore less greenhouse gases means that at one point in the past the earth was a lot colder, and eventually got warmer with more greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. 15) A) Region A is experiencing winter or fall because the axis is tilted away from the sun making it cooler then the axis directed towards the sun. b) The angel of incidence would be region B because it's a straight line therefore does not get direct contact with sun rays. c) Point B receives the most solar radiation because its angle of incidence is the smallest. It receives the most concentrated solar radiation. d) B and C have similar climates because their angle of incidence is similar. They may have different time zones but they both receive similar amounts of solar radiation. They both lie on the equator so therefore their climates are hot._//**
 * // 6) //** **//use ice cores to study ancient climates, the drill into an ice core from a glacier so they can see hoe much CO2 or other substances are in the atmosphere.

**P.460 6-18**
**b)** A concrete road heated by the sun is not an example of convection because there are no fluids involved. **c)** A snowball warmed in your hand is not an example of convection because heat is transferred into a solid. **d)** A rain cloud passing over a desert is an example of convection. There is movement of gas/fluid from one place to another.
 * 6.** **a)** A lake fed by a stream is an example of convection. It transfers heat within the movement of the lake.

**7.** The measure of freezing water would be 273º Kelvin

**8.** The air around is not pure oxygen because it 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

**9.** The layers of the atmosphere in order: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

**10.** As the substance cools and thermal energy decreases the motion of the atoms in the substance slow down.

**11.** Temperature is a measure of thermal energy because the higher the temperature is the more thermal energy there is.

**12.** Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height because the particles spread nad become less so there is less oxygen particles in the air.

**13.** Wind in high pressure areas is created when air mass cools over and ocean .When the air mass cools down, particles loose kinetic energy. The extra weight increases pressure and the air moves outward towards areas of low pressure creating wind. Wind in low pressure areas is created when air mass travels over warm land or ocean. When the air mass warms up, it expands and rises, making the layer of air thicker.

// **15.** The Coriolis Effect makes winds go to the right in the northern hemisphere, and the left in the southern hemisphere.
 * 14. **
 * __ **//High Pressure Systems//** __ || __ **//Low Pressure Systems//** __ ||  ||
 * **//Happens when air mass cools over an ocean or cold land//** || **//Happens when air mass travels over warm land or ocean//** ||  ||
 * **//Wind will move clockwise around a high pressure center.//** || **//Wind moves counterclockwise around a low pressure center.//** ||  ||
 * **//Air is warmer, drier and clear skies//** || **//Most of the time makes wet weather.//** ||  ||
 * **//Wind will move clockwise around a high pressure center.//** || **//Wind moves counterclockwise around a low pressure center.//** ||  ||
 * **//Air is warmer, drier and clear skies//** || **//Most of the time makes wet weather.//** ||  ||
 * **//Air is warmer, drier and clear skies//** || **//Most of the time makes wet weather.//** ||  ||
 * **//Air is warmer, drier and clear skies//** || **//Most of the time makes wet weather.//** ||  ||
 * **//Air is warmer, drier and clear skies//** || **//Most of the time makes wet weather.//** ||  ||

**16.** The albedo depends mostly on radiation. Therefore, in areas where there is more solar radiation, there is more albedo that is reflected, and same with areas with less solar radiation there is less albedo that is reflected.

**17.** A tornado is violent, funnel-shaped column of rotating air that touches the ground. Whereas a hurricane is a large low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain.

**18. A)** A cold front is moving downwards and east.

**b)** People in Fort St. Johns should not expect a change in there weather because it is a stationary front.

**c)** Colville would be experiencing rain.//

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Check Your Understanding p.51

 * 1.** Single Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere


 * 2.** The difference between a niche and a habitat is that a niche is a special role an organism plays in an ecosystem and a habitat is the place where the organism lives.


 * 3. a)** Biome
 * b)** Ecosystem
 * c)** Habitat


 * 4.** An ecosystem has abiotic components such as oxygen, water, nutrients, light, and soil that interact with biotic components such as plants, animals, and micro-organisms.


 * 5.** Soil is important for terrestrial ecosystems because it provides nutrients for plants and supports many species of small organisms. Soil anchors plants in one place and absorbs and holds water, making it available for both plants and animals.


 * 6.** Competition occurs when organisms compete for the smae resource (such as food) in the same location at the same time.


 * 7. a)** Mutualism occurs in the relationship between moths and moth-pollinated plants. These plants often have spurs or tubes that are the exact length of a certain moth's feedubg tube.
 * b)** Predation occurs in the predator-prey relationship between the lynx and the snowshoe hare.


 * 8. a)** Mutualism
 * b)** Commensalism
 * c)** Parasitism
 * d)** Competition
 * e)** Mutualism